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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wizard (software)</span></span>

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<p>A software <b>wizard</b> or <b>setup assistant</b> or <b>multi-step form</b> is a <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> that leads a user through a sequence of small steps,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a <a href="Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">dialog box</a> to configure a program for the first time. They are used to make complex, unfamiliar tasks easier by breaking them into smaller pieces.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Before the 1990s, "wizard" was a common term for a technical expert, comparable to "hacker."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1985 textbook <a href="Structure_and_Interpretation_of_Computer_Programs" title="Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</a> was nicknamed the "Wizard Book"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the illustration on its cover; its first chapter says, "A computational process is indeed much like a sorcerer's idea of a spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When developing the first version of its desktop publishing software, <a href="Microsoft_Publisher" title="Microsoft Publisher">Microsoft Publisher</a>, around 1991, Microsoft wanted to help users create well-presented documents in spite of their lack of graphic design skills. Microsoft reasoned that, no matter the tools a program offered, users would not know how best to use them. Publisher's "Page Wizards" instead provided a set of forms to produce a complete document layout, based on a professionally designed template, which could then be manipulated with the standard tools.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Wizards had been in development at Microsoft for several years before Publisher, notably for <a href="Microsoft_Access" title="Microsoft Access">Microsoft Access</a>, which wouldn't ship until November 1992. Wizards were intended to learn from how someone used a program and anticipate what they may want to do next, guiding them through more complex sets of tasks by structuring and sequencing them. They also served to teach the product by example. As early as 1989, Microsoft discussed using voice and talking heads as guides, but <a href="Multimedia_computer" title="Multimedia computer">multimedia-capable hardware</a> was not yet widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The feature spread quickly to other applications. In 1992, <a href="Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> 4.0 for Mac introduced wizards for tasks like building <a href="Contingency_table" title="Contingency table">crosstab tables</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Microsoft_Office_95" title="Microsoft Office 95">Office 95</a> introduced the "Answer Wizard" for querying help pages with natural language;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Windows later used wizards for tasks like adding a printer, configuring an Internet connection, or installing new applications.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2001, wizards had become commonplace in most consumer-oriented operating systems.

</p><p>On the <a href="Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a>, starting with tools like the Setup Assistant introduced in Mac OS 8.0, similar tools began to be called "assistants" (not to be confused with the <a href="Apple_Newton" title="Apple Newton">Apple Newton</a>'s "Assist" feature). The "Setup Assistant" is run when the <a href="Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Macintosh</a> starts up out of the box or after a fresh installation, and a similar process also takes place on <a href="Apple_iOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple iOS">Apple iOS</a>. The "Network Setup Assistant" is similar to the Windows "New Connection Wizard." <a href="GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> also refers to its wizards as "assistants". <a href="Oracle_Designer" title="Oracle Designer">Oracle Designer</a> used wizards for designing applications and databases.

</p><p>The <a href="Microsoft_Manual_of_Style" title="Microsoft Manual of Style">Microsoft Manual of Style</a> (Version 3.0) advises technical writers to refer to these assistants as "wizards" and to use lowercase letters. But as wizards became ubiquitous, the term disappeared. Apps and websites may use wizard-like guided steps to "<a href="User_onboarding" title="User onboarding">onboard</a>" new users or guide them through a task, but these features are often not explicitly labeled a "wizard".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>

<p>The following <a href="Screenshot" title="Screenshot">screenshots</a> show part of the seven-step <a href="Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">installation</a> wizard for the <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> <a href="Kubuntu" title="Kubuntu">Kubuntu</a>. Each step is necessary, but unrelated to the others; they are presented one at a time, so as not to overwhelm. The user can go back and forward through the steps; early steps also have an option to quit. Options may default to a choice, so that a user without an opinion can accept the designer's best judgment. Progress through the steps is shown on the left. The last screen has no options or inputs, but summarizes what was done.

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<div class="gallerytext">2. Prepare</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">3. Disk Setup</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">5. Keyboard</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">7. Install</div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>Wizards have been criticized for being ponderous, stripping questions of context, and obscuring the underlying operations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The criticism is common enough that one guide to wizard design starts by addressing the popular perception that a wizard is "just a patch for a bad interface".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Alan_Cooper_(software_designer)" title="Alan Cooper (software designer)">Alan Cooper</a> sees wizards as segregating new and expert users, abdicating the responsibility of designing a single coherent interface; they are "grafted on to meet the marketing department's perception of new users. Experts rarely use them, and beginners soon desire to discard these embarrassing reminders of their ignorance. But the perpetual intermediate majority is perpetually stuck with them." He compares them to training wheels that must be easily removed. A wizard "attempts to guarantee success" by treating the user as a machine who merely sets the rhythm of the steps; when every option has a default, "the user learns that he merely clicks the Next button on each screen without critically analyzing why." Wizards often don't clarify the underlying concepts, he writes; "They are giving programmers license to put raw implementation model interfaces on complex features with the bland assurance that: 'We'll make it easy with a wizard.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Expert_system" title="Expert system">Expert system</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistant</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Office Assistant</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversational_user_interface" title="Conversational user interface">Conversational user interface</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBabich2018" class="citation web cs1">Babich, Nick (2018-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uxplanet.org/wizard-design-pattern-8c86e14f2a38">"Wizard Design Pattern"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui-patterns.com/patterns/Wizard">"Wizard design pattern"</a>. <i>ui-patterns.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/65728/origin-of-the-term-wizard-in-computing">"Origin of the term "wizard" in computing"</a>. <i>English Language & Usage Stack Exchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The New Hacker's Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. 1993. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993nhsd.book.....R">1993nhsd.book.....R</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-9.html">"Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs"</a>. <i>mitpress.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.microsoft.com/2001/10/15/for-10-years-microsoft-publisher-helps-small-business-users-do-more-than-they-thought-they-could/">"For 10 Years, Microsoft Publisher Helps Small Business Users 'Do More Than They Thought They Could' | Stories"</a>. <i>Stories</i>. 2001-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1991" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Stuart J. (August 5, 1991). "'Wizards' make Microsoft applications smarter". <i>InfoWorld</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Introducing Microsoft Excel 4.0. It's the sum total of seven years of success". <i>MacUser (Advertisement)</i>. November 1992.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSinofsky" class="citation web cs1">Sinofsky, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hardcoresoftware.learningbyshipping.com/p/036-fancy-wizard-and-red-squiggles">"036. Fancy Wizard and Red Squiggles"</a>. <i>hardcoresoftware.learningbyshipping.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invisionapp.com/blog/an_intro_to_user_onboarding_part_1/">"An intro to user onboarding, part 1 - InVision Blog"</a>. <i>InVision Blog</i>. 2015-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.c2.com/?WizardsAreDangerous">"WizardsAreDangerous"</a>. <i><a href="WikiWikiWeb" title="WikiWikiWeb">WikiWikiWeb</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2007" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Alan (2007). <i>About Face: The Essentials of Interaction Design</i> (3rd ed.). Wiley. pp. 89, 93, 324, 764. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781118766576</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dn742503(v=vs.85).aspx">Wizards</a> — Microsoft Windows Dev Center</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Wizard_(software)&oldid=1276159316">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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